Chapter 1: Essential Knowledge

Definitions, terms, formulas, core facts. This chapter is about memorizing, not "why" — Chapter 2 covers principles and relationships.

中文快速導讀:本章先記「名詞是什麼、快捷鍵/公式/數值是多少」。不用立刻明白所有原理;遇到 OSIVLOOKUPHTTPSIoT 等術語,先對照中文,再到第 2 章理解原因。每個標題已有組別標記,初中組可先略過 [高中追加]

Scope labels(範圍標記): [初中+高中] = both groups; [高中追加] = senior group only. 中文提示:[初中+高中] 是兩組共同範圍;[高中追加] 只要求高中組。

Key Vocabulary

English / 英文中文Simple Meaning / 簡單意思
volatile揮發性的data disappears without power
protocol通訊協定communication rules
vulnerability漏洞a security weakness

1. Computer Hardware(電腦硬件)— [初中+高中]

  • Five components(五大元件): input, processing, output, storage, communication(輸入、處理、輸出、儲存、通訊)
  • CPU: ALU (arithmetic logic unit) + control unit, accesses RAM directly(運算器加控制器,直接從 RAM 存取資料)
  • RAM: temporary, cleared on power-off(暫存,斷電消失); ROM: read-only, retains boot data(唯讀,開機資料不消失)
  • HDD vs SSD: SSD is 5–10x faster, silent, more expensive(SSD 快 5~10 倍、無噪音、較貴)
  • Raspberry Pi CPU: ARM instruction set architecture(樹莓派 CPU 用 ARM 架構)
  • GDDR: high-speed memory built for graphics cards(顯示卡專用高速記憶體)
  • Windows lock screen(鎖定螢幕): Win + L; chkdsk: checks disk after improper shutdown(非法關機後檢查磁碟)

Number System Conversion / 數字系統轉換

Conversion / 轉換Example / 例子Answer / 答案
Decimal → Binary(十進位→二進位)101010
Decimal → Hexadecimal(十進位→十六進位)15F
Decimal → Octal(十進位→八進位)1315
Hexadecimal → Decimal(十六進位→十進位)1B27

2. Computer Networking(電腦網絡)— [初中+高中]

OSI 7 layers, bottom to top(由下而上): Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application (物、資、網、傳、會、表、應)

Common Ports / 常用埠號

Port / 埠號Protocol / 通訊協定
20/21FTP
22SSH
25SMTP
53DNS
67/68DHCP
80HTTP
110POP3
143IMAP
443HTTPS
445SMB
3389RDP
  • IPv4: 32-bit(32 位元); IPv6: 128-bit, loopback address ::1(回環地址)
  • TTL: counter that prevents packets looping forever(防止封包無限循環)
  • MAC address: 48-bit, 6 groups of hex digits(48 位元,6 組 16 進位)
  • ARP: resolves an IP address to a MAC address(把 IP 解析為 MAC)
  • Hub / Switch / Router: operate at Physical / Data Link / Network layer respectively(分別在物理/資料鏈結/網路層運作)
  • 802.11ax = Wi-Fi 6

3. Office Software(辦公室軟件)— [初中+高中]

Excel: Ctrl+Enter (fill multiple selected cells at once(同時填入多格)), Ctrl+D (fill down(向下填充)), C:C (whole column(整欄)), MIN() / LEN() / AND() / VLOOKUP, G000 (zero-padded format(補零格式)) Word: Ctrl+N (new file(新檔)), text effects, citations & bibliography, bullet lists PowerPoint: F5 (play from start(從頭播放)), Shift+F5 (play from current slide(從目前頁播放)), Ctrl+D (duplicate object(複製物件)), merge shapes (union/intersect(聯集/交集))

Quick Operation Checks(快速操作核對)

Task / 操作目標Best Tool or Action / 最合適操作Common Trap / 常見陷阱
Put the same value into several selected Excel cells(在多個已選取的 Excel 儲存格輸入相同內容)Ctrl+EnterCtrl+D fills from the top cell downward; it does not enter a new value into every selected cell.
Copy a formula down a column(把公式向下填滿一欄)Ctrl+DCheck relative references first; A2 may change to A3 when copied.
Start a formula in Excel(在 Excel 輸入公式)Begin with =A formula without = is treated as plain text.
Start a presentation from the current slide(由目前投影片開始播放)Shift+F5F5 starts from the first slide.
Show where a Word source came from(在 Word 顯示資料來源)Use citations and bibliography(引用及參考書目)A pasted URL alone may not meet a required citation format.

4. Basic Python(基礎 Python)— [初中+高中]

Operator / 運算子Meaning / 意思Example / 例子Result / 結果
//Floor division(整除)10 // 33
%Modulo(取餘)10 % 31
Power(次方)2 38
andTrue only if both true(兩者皆真)False and TrueFalse
orTrue if either true(任一為真)
notNegation(取反)
^ (XOR)True only if different(不同才真)5 ^ 36
  • Data structures(資料結構): list / dict / set / tuple
  • __init__(): class constructor(類別建構函數)
  • try/except: catches errors(捕捉錯誤)
  • Common libraries(常用函式庫): numpy (scientific computing(科學計算)), pandas (data analysis(資料分析)), Tkinter/PyQt (GUI building(建立圖形界面))

5. Web Knowledge(網站相關知識)— [高中追加]

HTML: <textarea> (multi-line input(多行輸入)), colspan/rowspan (merge cells(合併儲存格)), <meta charset="UTF-8">, target="_blank" CSS: Box Model (content → padding → border → margin), @media (responsive design(響應式)), text-align: center; JavaScript: == converts type(會轉型別), === strict comparison(嚴格比較), JSON = JavaScript Object Notation, ES6 released in 2015(於 2015 年推出)

Web Basics & Safety(網站基礎與安全)

Term / 術語Key Idea / 重點Common Trap / 常見陷阱
URL(統一資源定位符)The address of a resource on the web(網上資源的地址)A domain is only one part of a URL.
DNS(網域名稱系統)Translates a domain name into an IP address(把網域名稱對應到 IP 位址)DNS does not itself encrypt the web page.
HTTP vs HTTPSHTTPS protects data in transit with encryption(HTTPS 保護傳輸中的資料)HTTPS does not prove that every website or message is trustworthy.
Cookie(Cookie)Small browser-stored data used to remember state, such as a session(瀏覽器儲存的小型狀態資料)Do not treat a cookie as a password.
Multi-factor authentication(多重驗證)Requires more than one proof of identity(需要多於一項身分證明)Never give a one-time verification code to another person.

6. ICT in Daily Life(資訊科技日常應用)— [初中+高中]

  • Three cloud service models(雲計算三模式): IaaS (infrastructure(基礎設施)), PaaS (platform(平台)), SaaS (software(軟體))
  • Weak AI: handles specific tasks(處理特定任務); Strong AI: general intelligence(通用智能)
  • IoT: connected devices exchanging data(裝置連網互相交換數據)

Everyday Scenario Check(生活情境核對)

Scenario / 情境Best Concept / 對應概念Key Check / 核對重點
A student edits a document in a browser and saves it online(學生在瀏覽器編輯並儲存文件)SaaS(Software as a Service/軟體即服務)The provider operates the application; the user mainly uses it.
A smart watch sends heart-rate data to a phone app(智能手錶把心率資料傳到手機程式)IoT(Internet of Things/物聯網)Check app permissions and share only necessary personal data.
An AI tool suggests an answer or recommendation(AI 工具提出答案或建議)AI-assisted decision(人工智能輔助決策)Verify important information; a confident answer can still be wrong.
A public Wi-Fi network asks for personal information(公共 Wi-Fi 要求個人資料)Privacy and security(私隱及安全)Check the network name and avoid sending sensitive data unless the connection is trusted.

Mobile Device Functions & Privacy(流動裝置功能與私隱)

Feature / 功能What It Does / 用途Privacy or Security Check / 私隱或安全核對
GPS(全球定位系統)Uses satellite information to determine time and geographical location(利用衛星資料判斷時間及地理位置)Location services can reveal where a device is; turn them on only when an app needs them.
NFC(近場通訊)Supports very short-range communication, including contactless payment(支援極短距離通訊,例如非接觸式支付)Use a screen lock and check payment notifications after a transaction.
Biometric authentication(生物辨識驗證)Uses a physical feature, such as a fingerprint or face, to unlock a device(以指紋或面容等特徵解鎖裝置)It improves device access control but does not replace careful handling of private data.
Cloud synchronization(雲端同步)Keeps selected data consistent across devices(讓指定資料在多部裝置保持同步)Know which account and devices can access the synced data.

7. Cybercrime & Information Security(網絡犯罪與資訊安全)— [初中+高中]

  • Zero-day vulnerability: discovered but not yet patched by the vendor(已發現但廠商未修補的漏洞)
  • Digital signature guarantees three properties(數位簽章三特性): integrity, authenticity, non-repudiation(完整性、真實性、不可否認性)
  • Three self-protection rules(三大自我防護原則): strong passwords, avoid suspicious links, no password reuse(強密碼、不亂點連結、不重複用密碼)

Threat-to-Action Table(威脅與應對表)

Threat / 威脅Typical Sign / 常見訊號Safe Action / 安全做法
Phishing(釣魚)Urgent request, unusual sender, or a look-alike link(催促訊息、可疑寄件者或相似網址)Do not use the link; open the official app or type the known address yourself.
Malware or ransomware(惡意軟件/勒索軟件)Unexpected attachment, unknown app, or files suddenly inaccessible(可疑附件、未知程式或檔案無法開啟)Do not run it; disconnect if necessary and report it to a responsible adult or IT staff.
Social engineering(社交工程)Someone asks for a password, verification code, or private data while pretending to be trusted(冒充可信人士索取密碼、驗證碼或私隱)Verify identity through an independent channel; never share passwords or one-time codes.
Account compromise(帳戶被入侵)Unrecognised login alert or messages sent without you(陌生登入提示或帳戶自行發訊息)Change the password, sign out other sessions, and enable multi-factor authentication.

Layered Defence(分層防護)

Security is not one tool. Combine several controls(資訊安全不靠單一工具,應結合多項防護):

Control / 防護措施Main Role / 主要作用Limit / 注意事項
Encryption(加密)Protects the confidentiality of data(保護資料機密性)Data still needs secure keys and careful access control.
Firewall(防火牆)Filters network traffic according to rules(按規則過濾網絡流量)It cannot make unsafe user actions harmless.
Access control(存取控制)Limits who can use a system or data(限制誰可使用系統或資料)Give only the permissions needed for the task.
Physical security(實體安全)Protects devices and ports from unauthorised physical access(防止未授權人士實體接觸裝置及連接埠)A strong password alone cannot protect an unattended unlocked device.

8. Mainland Tech Literacy(內地科技普及知識)— [高中追加]

Company / 公司Cloud Service / 雲端服務AI Model / 人工智能模型
Alibaba(阿里巴巴)ECS(雲端伺服器)Qwen(通義千問)
Tencent(騰訊)CVM(雲端虛擬機)Hunyuan(混元大模型)
Baidu(百度)Baidu Smart Cloud(百度智能雲)Ernie / PaddlePaddle(文心/飛槳)
Huawei(華為)Huawei Cloud(華為雲)Pangu(盤古)
iFLYTEK(科大訊飛)iFlyCloud(訊飛雲)Spark(星火認知大模型)
  • 5G = "everything connected"(萬物互聯); 6G = "everything intelligently connected"(萬物智聯,理論最高 1Tbps)

Current-Fact Verification Routine(時效資料核實流程)

Company, product, model and service names can change. Before memorising a current fact, check the following four items from an official or reliable source(公司、產品、模型及服務名稱可能改變;背誦時效資料前,應以官方或可靠來源核實以下四項):

Check / 核對項目What to Record / 應記錄內容
Name(名稱)The exact company, product or service name(公司、產品或服務的完整名稱)
Category(類別)Cloud, AI, telecom, hardware, platform, or another clear role(雲端、人工智能、電訊、硬件、平台等)
Function(功能)One short statement of what it does(用一句話說明其用途)
As-of Date & Source(資料日期及來源)The date checked and an official or reliable reference(核實日期及官方或可靠參考來源)
Built with LogoFlowershow